![]() ![]() And there was, at first, no established terminology for expressing philosophical ideas in Arabic. Greek is not a semitic language, so they were moving from one language group to another: more like translating Finnish into English than Latin into English. Sometimes, a Greek work might even be translated first into Syriac, and only then into Arabic. So when Muslim aristocrats decided to have Greek science and philosophy translated into Arabic, it was to Christians that they turned. From late antiquity to the rise of Islam, Greek had survived as a language of intellectual activity among Christians, especially in Syria. Their empire had the resources to do so, not just financially but also culturally. Sponsored at the highest levels, even by the caliph and his family, this movement sought to import Greek philosophy and science into Islamic culture. This was thanks to a well-funded translation movement that unfolded during the Abbasid caliphate, beginning in the second half of the eighth century. In 10th-century Baghdad, readers of Arabic had about the same degree of access to Aristotle that readers of English do today. And philosophers in the Islamic world enjoyed an extraordinary degree of access to the Hellenic intellectual heritage. ![]() In the eastern part of the Roman Empire, the Greek-speaking Byzantines could continue to read Plato and Aristotle in the original. But during the early Middle Ages, most of Greek thought was accessible in Latin only partially and indirectly.Įlsewhere, the situation was better. Cicero, and later Boethius, did attempt to initiate a philosophical tradition in Latin. Tellingly, the emperor Marcus Aurelius went so far as to write his Meditations in Greek. The leading thinkers of the Roman world, such as Cicero and Seneca, were steeped in Greek literature Cicero even went to Athens to pay homage to the home of his philosophical heroes. Even after the Roman conquest of the Mediterranean and the demise of paganism, philosophy was strongly associated with Hellenic culture. In European antiquity, philosophers largely wrote in Greek. ![]()
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